Publications

@inbook{RN49016,

title = {Universal Human Rights as a Shared Political Identity: Impossible? Necessary? Sufficient?},

author = {Andreas Follesdal},

editor = {Ronald Tinnevelt and Helder Schutter},

url = {http://follesdal.net/ms/Follesdal-2009-eur-id-metaphil.rtf},

year  = {2010},

date = {2010-01-01},

booktitle = {Global Democracy and Exclusion},

pages = {161-176},

publisher = {Whiley-Blackwell},

address = {Chichester},

abstract = {Reprint from Metaphilosophy, 2009, (1): 65-76 - Special issue on global democracy and global exclusion},

keywords = {Human Rights, publication},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inbook}

}

@inbook{RN48744,

title = {Non-State Oriented Political Theory: A Critical Assessment},

author = {Andreas Follesdal},

editor = {Jurgen Neyer and Antje Wiener},

url = {http://follesdal.net/ms/Follesdal-2010-non-state.rtf},

year  = {2010},

date = {2010-01-01},

booktitle = {Political Theory of the European Union},

pages = {205-212},

publisher = {Oxford University Press},

address = {Oxford},

abstract = {What standards of normative legitimacy are required to assess whether such multilevel, non-state political orders are just and legitimate?—that is: what conditions must be satisfied, if its subjects are to have a moral obligation to obey the authorities and institutions, and so that non-members have a moral obligation to recognize it as deserving of standing and immunity as a member of the international and global order? 

This chapter discusses four central topics high on the research agenda, topics illuminated by the other contributions of the volume, but which merit even further attention.},

keywords = {publication},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inbook}

}

@inbook{RN48842,

title = {Evaluating Trustworthiness, Representation and Political Accountability in New Modes of Governance},

author = {Richard Bellamy and Dario Castiglione and Andreas Follesdal and Albert Weale},

editor = {Adrienne Heretier and Martin Rhodes},

url = {ms/Bellamy-Castiglione-Follesdal-Weale-2010-nmg-palgrave.rtf},

year  = {2010},

date = {2010-01-01},

booktitle = {New Modes of Governance in Europe},

pages = {135-162},

publisher = {Palgrave Macmillan},

address = {Houndmills, Basingstoke},

keywords = {publication},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inbook}

}

@inbook{RN48560,

title = {"Hva slags likhet, hvorfor likhet? Amartya Sen, John Rawls og Hilde Bojer om funksjoner, rettigheter og mulighetsrom"},

author = {Andreas Føllesdal},

editor = {Aanund Hylland and Olav Bjerkholt and Kari Skrede and Bjørg Ofstad},

url = {http://follesdal.net/ms/Follesdal-2009-bojer.rtf},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

booktitle = {Rettferd og politikk},

pages = {71-88},

publisher = {Emilia},

address = {Oslo},

keywords = {John Rawls, publication},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inbook}

}

@inbook{RN48470,

title = {Methods of Philosophical Research on Human Rights},

author = {Andreas Follesdal},

editor = {Fons Coomans and Menno Kamminga and Fred Grunfeld},

url = {http://follesdal.net/ms/Follesdal-2009-methods-hr-maastricht.rtf},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

booktitle = {Methods of Human Rights Research},

publisher = {Intersentia},

address = {Antwerp},

abstract = {there is no unique philosophical method for good philosophical work on issues of human rights. To the contrary, the same method should govern such research as other philosophical work: the method of 'reflective equilibrium' which seeks the mutual accommodation of moral judgments at various levels of generality to arrive at a consistent theory. 

One of the central philosophical topics - and one which also seems to create confusion among philosophers and other scholars alike - concerns the appropriate relationship between international, legally binding human rights norms and 'moral' or philosophical human rights. One source of confusion is that they both serve as critical standards for, or constraints on, domestic legislation. For this reason they sometimes seem to be conflated. The article considers two prominent recent attempts at addressing or using that relationship: those of Amartya Sen and Charles Beitz, and uses the method of Reflective Equilibrium to indicate some of their strengths and weaknesses.},

keywords = {Human Rights, publication},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inbook}

}

@inbook{RN48120,

title = {If there is no common and unique European identity, should we create one?},

author = {Andreas Follesdal},

editor = {Nils Holtug and Kasper Lippert-Rasmussen and Sune Lægaard},

url = {http://follesdal.net/ms/Follesdal-2007-eur-identity-cph.rtf},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

booktitle = {Multiculturalism and nationalism in a world of immigration},

pages = {194-227},

publisher = {Palgrave},

address = {Basingstoke},

keywords = {publication},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inbook}

}

@inbook{RN48190,

title = {Multilevel regulation and the EU: a brief introduction},

author = {Jan Wouters and Ramses Wessel and Andreas Follesdal},

editor = {Andreas Follesdal and Ramses Wessel and Jan Wouters},

url = {http://www.mb.utwente.nl/legs/research/wessel/wessel43.pdf},

year  = {2008},

date = {2008-01-01},

booktitle = {Multilevel Regulation and the EU: The interplay between Global, Europan and National normative processes},

pages = {1-6},

publisher = {Martinus Nijhoff},

address = {Leiden},

keywords = {publication},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inbook}

}

@inbook{RN48615,

title = {Menneskerettighetenes verdigrunnlag},

author = {Andreas Føllesdal},

editor = {Helge Ole Bergesen and Jostein Ryssevik and Andreas Føllesdal and Marianne Heir},

year  = {2008},

date = {2008-01-01},

booktitle = {Politikk og menneskerettigheter},

pages = {8-31},

publisher = {Aschehoug},

address = {Oslo},

chapter = {1},

series = {Fokus},

keywords = {Human Rights, publication},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inbook}

}

@inbook{RN37570,

title = {Subsidiarität},

author = {Andreas Follesdal},

editor = {Stefan Gosepath and Wilfried Hinsch and Beate Rössler},

url = {http://follesdal.net/ms/Follesdal-2007-subsidaritaet.rtf},

year  = {2008},

date = {2008-01-01},

booktitle = {Handbuch der Politischen Philosophie und Sozialphilosophie},

volume = {2},

pages = {1307-1313},

publisher = {Gruyter},

address = {Berlin},

keywords = {publication},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inbook}

}

@inbook{RN46220,

title = {International Judicial Human Rights Review - Effective, Legitimate or Both?},

author = {Andreas Follesdal},

editor = {Juha Sihvola and Peter Korkman and Virpi Mäkinen},

url = {http://www.helsinki.fi/collegium/e-series/volumes/volume_4/10_follesdal_2008_4.pdf},

doi = {http://www.helsinki.fi/collegium/e-series/volumes/volume_4/10_follesdal_2008_4.pdf},

year  = {2008},

date = {2008-01-01},

booktitle = {Universalism in International Law and Political Philosophy},

publisher = {COLLeGIUM},

address = {Helsinki},

abstract = {Reprint of Follesdal 2007 in Scandinavian Studies in Law},

keywords = {Human Rights, publication},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inbook}

}

@inbook{RN47700,

title = {How to Organize Democracy in Multi-level and Multi-cultural States: Can it be done? Should it be done? [In Chinese]},

author = {Andreas Follesdal},

editor = {Zhou Hong and Beate Kohler-Koch},

url = {Www.follesdal.net/ms/Follesdal-Dem-EU-China.rtf},

year  = {2008},

date = {2008-01-01},

booktitle = {EU Governance Model},

pages = {102-126},

publisher = {Social Science Academy Press Chinese Academy of Social Science},

address = {Beijing},

abstract = {Section 1 provides some background of the history of the European Union that explains the increased need for trust and trustworthiness among Europeans and their political leaders. Section 2 gives a brief sketch of some reasons for democratic rule, constrained by human rights. Furthermore, I also indicate where we find some of these claims in ancient Confucian thought. Sections 3 and 4 consider some objections: why democracy might not be thought appropriate for the large and complex European order. I shall argue that these objections do not stand up to scrutiny. Section 5 concludes by considering why and how the Reformed Treaty might enhance democratic accountability and human rights promotion within the EU.},

keywords = {Human Rights, publication},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inbook}

}

@inbook{RN48280,

title = {Epilogue: Toward more legitimate multilevel regulation},

author = {Andreas Follesdal},

editor = {Andreas Follesdal and Ramses Wessel and Jan Wouters},

year  = {2008},

date = {2008-01-01},

booktitle = {Multilevel Regulation and the EU: The interplay between Global, Europan and National normative processes},

pages = {377-398},

publisher = {Martinus Nijhoff},

address = {Leiden},

abstract = {"Four issues in particular require attention for MLG: the jurisdiction and authority of various issue-specific regulations must be clarified, both where they overlap and where they leave gaps. Greater transparency is important, partly to aviod collusion and hidden controversial choices. Monitoring mechanisms would reduce the risk that such regulations oever time yield bad and ineffective solutions, and would increase their trustworthiness in this regard. To increase their normative legitimacy they may have to be supplemented by, or nested within, institutions that are democratically accountable." (378)},

keywords = {publication},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inbook}

}

@inbook{RN43490,

title = {The sort of Nationalism and Patriotism that Europe Needs},

author = {Andreas Follesdal},

editor = {Henrik Syse and Greg Reichberg},

url = {http://follesdal.net/ms/Follesdal-2007-EU-nationalism.rtf},

year  = {2007},

date = {2007-01-01},

booktitle = {Ethics, Nationalism, and Just War: Medieval and Contemporary Perspectives},

pages = {267-289},

publisher = {Catholic University of America Press},

address = {Washington DC},

abstract = {First published in Journal of Peace Research 2000},

keywords = {publication},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inbook}

}

@inbook{RN45400,

title = {Securing equality and citizenship under European Integration},

author = {Andreas Follesdal},

editor = {Nicholas Burbules and Klas Roth},

url = {http://follesdal.net/ms/Follesdal-2007-education-eu.rtf},

year  = {2007},

date = {2007-01-01},

booktitle = {Changing Notions of Citizenship Education in Contemporary Nation-states},

pages = {77-99},

publisher = {Sense Publishers},

address = {Rotterdam},

keywords = {publication},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inbook}

}

@inbook{RN44540,

title = {Normative Political Theory and the European Union},

author = {Andreas Follesdal},

editor = {Knud Erik Jorgensen and Mark A. Pollack and Ben Rosamund},

url = {http://follesdal.net/ms/Follesdal-2007-norm-pol-theory-EU-sage.doc},

year  = {2007},

date = {2007-01-01},

booktitle = {Handbook of European Union Politics},

pages = {317-335},

publisher = {Sage},

address = {London},

abstract = {The French and Dutch referendum rejections of the Constitutional Treaty on Europe brought political attention to simmering academic debates about the EU’s legitimacy and identity, which form core topics of normative political theory. This review presents some of the central approaches and research issues of the political theory of the European Union. The “normative turn in EU studies” (Bellamy and Castiglione 2003) is evident in several research topics addressed by normative political theorists. Section 1 gives a brief overview. The field.has a long though meagre pedigree, some highlights are sketched in section 2. Worries about a ‘democratic deficit’ did not emerge in response to the Constitutional Treaty. To the contrary, such concerns fuelled the call for such a constitution, and they gained political salience already in response to the contentious Maastricht Treaty ratification process. That recent history is sketched in section 3. Popular and legal conflicts strengthened the claims of many politicians and scholars that the European Union suffered from a ‘legitimacy deficit’ that had yet to be resolved. Section 4 dissolves this apparent consensus by exploring experts’ different choices of symptoms, diagnosis and prescriptions regarding this deficit. Section 5 provides a taxonomy of concepts of legitimacy, institutional mechanisms of legitimation, and objects of legitimacy. Section 6 combines several though not all - of these disjointed insights into a somewhat unified perspective that incorporates empirical concepts of legitimacy as compliance in an account of citizens’ political obligation to obey normatively legitimate political orders regarded as an assurance problem faced by ‘conditional compliers’ under complex structures of interdependence. Section 7 concludes with a sketch of some current normative research on the European Union},

keywords = {publication},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inbook}

}

@inbook{RN45260,

title = {Legitimacy Deficits beyond the State: Diagnoses and Cures},

author = {Andreas Follesdal},

editor = {Achim Hurrelmann and Steffen Schneider and Jens Steffek},

url = {http://follesdal.net/ms/Follesdal-2007-leg-beyond-the-state.rtf},

year  = {2007},

date = {2007-01-01},

booktitle = {Legitimacy in an Age of Global Politics},

pages = {211-228},

publisher = {Palgrave},

address = {Houndmills, Basingstoke},

abstract = {To what extent should the terms and institutions of normative legitimacy and legitimation apply to entities 'beyond the state’: international or transnational public or private bodies in general, and the European Union in particular?...the academic and political debates about the Legitimacy Deficit of the European Union have revealed deep disagreements about alleged symptoms, diagnosis and prescriptions to alleviate such a deficit as there might be. The present paper first considers the claim, only to deny it, that attempts at applying considerations of legitimacy to such bodies are fundamentally misguided. Section 2 seeks to provide an overview of these disagreements, and then offers some suggestions for how to alleviate those deficits there may be.. 

Section 4 offers some reflections on how institutions may bolster the requisite forms of legitimacy, especially democratic accountability, and indicates some of the main challenges that face efforts to enhance the democratic legitimacy of international and transnational bodies.},

keywords = {publication},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inbook}

}

@inbook{RN42890,

title = {If Union Citizenship is the right answer, what is the question?},

author = {Andreas Follesdal},

editor = {Paolo Foradori and Simona Piattoni and Riccardo Scartezzini},

url = {http://follesdal.net/ms/Follesdal-2007-citizenship-question.rtf},

year  = {2007},

date = {2007-01-01},

booktitle = {European Citizenship: Theories, Arenas, Levels},

pages = {123-134},

publisher = {Nomos},

address = {Baden-Baden},

abstract = {A political theory of Union Citizenship has little to build on to answer questions about the most defensible role and contents of the office of Union citizenship. The chapter presents and defends some components of such an account. It interprets Union citizenship as one means to provide much needed assurance and trust in a multi-level political order with democratic procedures. This fits with the received view among scholars, that Union Citizenship was introduced in an attempt to create a closer bond between Europeans and the Union institutions. 

 

Section 1 sketches the increased need for complex forms of trust among ever more interdependent Europeans. Section 2 draws on the literature on Assurance Games to explain one important role of citizens’ socialization to certain civic duties. Section 3 identifies some elements of such civic duties in the EU on the basis of a distinct Liberal Contractualist normative theory. Section 4 contrasts this account with those of Jürgen Habermas and David Miller.},

keywords = {publication},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inbook}

}

@inbook{RN44820,

title = {Why the EU does not need a uniform approach to Human Rights},

author = {Andreas Follesdal},

editor = {Josef Melchior},

url = {http://follesdal.net/ms/Follesdal-2006-hr-vienna.doc},

year  = {2006},

date = {2006-01-01},

booktitle = {New Spaces of European Governance},

publisher = {Facultas},

address = {Vienna},

keywords = {Human Rights, publication},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inbook}

}

@inbook{RN41930,

title = {The value added of theories of deliberative democracy: where (not) to look},

author = {Andreas Follesdal},

editor = {Samantha Besson and José Luis Martí},

url = {http://follesdal.net/ms/Follesdal-2006-delib-dem.rtf},

year  = {2006},

date = {2006-01-01},

booktitle = {Deliberative Democracy and Its Discontents},

pages = {57-72},

publisher = {Ashgate},

address = {Aldershot},

abstract = {At least five theoretical issues deserve attention if we want empirical research to confirm or disconfirm particular Theories of Deliberative Democracy (TDD) (1) What are the characteristics and the main claims of interesting and distinct TDD? (2) Which are the best alternative theories and their implications? (3) Does deliberation actually occur in ways that only some TDD can explain? (4) Which institutional and cultural factors are conducive to normatively attractive deliberation, and under what conditions? (5) How just, reasonable or legitimate are the outcomes of a proposed theory, both when its norms are generally complied with and under conditions of partial compliance? 

The present brief reflections contribute to the first two of these topics, to help identify the theoretical work required to proceed with relevant empirical research. I shall argue that this task requires a reconfiguration of the theoretical ideal types and distinctions prevalent in the literature on TDD. 

This focus on the explanatory value added of TDD by means of an empirical research agenda highlights two weaknesses of some of the literature. Section 2 explains how some of the influential literature on deliberative democracy uses “deliberation” in a too broad sense. This point is briefly substantiated by Jon Elster’s influential discussion. 

A second weakness is that the competing theories used as backdrop for statements of TDD are presented as “ideal type” straw men rather than selected as the best competitors. Section 3 shows how TDD often have been contrasted with a particularly narrow version of rational choice theory and bargaining theory, instead of more plausible competitors. Unfortunately, this straw man has been labeled “liberal” in ways that has caused confusion. Some research on alleged sightings of deliberation in the European Union institutions illustrates the methodological challenges of such skewed comparisons. Section 4 argues that TDDs must identify their main claims more carefully against the best contenders in each case so as to allow better empirical research.},

keywords = {publication},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inbook}

}

@inbook{RN48582,

title = {Towards a Stable Federal Finalité? Forms and Arenas of Institutional and National Balances in the Constitutional Treaty for Europe},

author = {Andreas Follesdal},

editor = {Alexander Trechsel},

url = {http://follesdal.net/ms/Follesdal-2005-stable-finalite.rtf},

year  = {2006},

date = {2006-01-01},

booktitle = {Towards a Federal Europe?},

abstract = {First published in Journal of European Public Policy 2005, June},

keywords = {federalism, publication},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inbook}

}

@inbook{RN40840,

title = {Justice, stability and toleration in a Federation of Well-ordered Peoples},

author = {Andreas Follesdal},

editor = {Rex Martin and David Reidy},

url = {http://follesdal.net/ms/Follesdal-2006-Law-of-Peoples.rtf},

year  = {2006},

date = {2006-01-01},

booktitle = {Rawls's Law of Peoples: A realistic utopia?},

pages = {299-317},

publisher = {Blackwell},

address = {Oxford},

abstract = {How should the European Union express and promote human rights and solidarity? What is the scope of toleration towards states that violate human rights, within and beyond its borders? And what is the scope of permissible economic inequality across states in such a federation of democracies committed to domestic solidarity? ... John Rawls contributed to these topics in The Law of Peoples (LP), which stresses the intertwined issues of toleration, stability and legitimacy that face these political relations across political borders. Can this Law of Peoples shed light on the legitimacy of emerging regional political orders such as ... the European Union? 

The account offered here seeks to respect state sovereignty even in the face of some human rights violations, and it accepts a degree of material inequality among individuals in different sub-units of a federation. In particular, the European Union may have a differentiated human rights policy, and solidarity does not require a European-wide Difference Principle. The Difference Principle, even if appropriate for domestic justice, need not apply to a federal order. 

But the conception of human rights for federations must be more complex than Rawls’ account focused on human rights in a ‘nonfederated’ international order. That difference in domain of application is not a criticism of the Law of Peoples. However, a central weakness of Rawls’ account is that it offers inadequate arguments within its own intended domain of application. International stability for the right reasons requires more than a statement of the limits of toleration about “how far nonliberal peoples are to be tolerated”},

keywords = {federalism, Human Rights, John Rawls, publication},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inbook}

}

@inbook{RN36260,

title = {EU legitimacy and Normative Political Theory},

author = {Andreas Follesdal},

editor = {Michelle Cini and Angela Bourne},

url = {http://follesdal.net/ms/Follesdal-2006-EU-leg-palgrave.pdf http://www.palgrave.com/products/Catalogue.aspx?is=033399762X},

year  = {2006},

date = {2006-01-01},

booktitle = {Palgrave Advances in European Union Studies},

pages = {151-173},

publisher = {Palgrave},

address = {Houndmills},

keywords = {publication},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inbook}

}

@inbook{RN42850,

title = {Between Petros and a Hard Place? Human Rights to Religious Liberty or to Gender Equality in Europe},

author = {Andreas Follesdal},

editor = {Kari Børresen and Sara Cabibbo},

url = {Www.follesdal.net/ms/Follesdal-2006-Petros.pdf},

year  = {2006},

date = {2006-01-01},

booktitle = {Gender, Religion, Human Rights in Europe},

pages = {63-83},

publisher = {Herder},

address = {Rome},

keywords = {gender, Human Rights, publication},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inbook}

}

@inbook{RN42580,

title = {Introduction},

author = {Andreas Follesdal and Thomas Pogge},

editor = {Andreas Follesdal and Thomas Pogge},

url = {http://www.springeronline.com/sgw/cda/frontpage/0,11855,1-40109-22-36130598-0,00.html},

year  = {2005},

date = {2005-01-01},

booktitle = {Real World Justice: Grounds, Principles, Human Rights Standards and Institutions},

pages = {1-19},

publisher = {Springer},

address = {Doordrecht},

abstract = {This volume discusses principles of global justice, their normative grounds, and the social institutions they require. John Rawls’s classic A Theory of Justice firmly established social institutions as a separate domain of moral assessment, associated with the terms justice and social justice. The concept of global justice breaks down the traditional separation of intranational and international relations and extends institutional moral analysis to the whole field. 

In the traditional framework, we generally bear no responsibility for the violence and poverty inflicted upon 

foreigners within the black box of their own state. The new philosophical framework, associated with the expression “global justice,” may not be so comfortable. Central to this framework is the causal impact of the design of the global institutional order upon the conditions under which human beings worldwide are living. 

Within this general global-justice approach, distinct conceptions of global justice will differ in the specific criteria of global justice they propose. But such criteria will coincide in their emphasis on the question of how well our global institutional order is doing, compared to its feasible alternatives, in regard to the fundamental human interests that matter from a moral point of view. Extending institutional moral analysis beyond the state, this question focuses attention on how the massive incidence of extreme poverty and violence in the world today might be reduced not merely through better government behavior, internally and internationally, but also, and much more effectively, through global institutional reforms that would, among other things, elevate such government behavior by modifying the options governments have and the incentives they face.},

note = {Author Role: eds.},

keywords = {Human Rights, John Rawls, publication},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inbook}

}

@inbook{RN42600,

title = {Where to look for deliberative democracy},

author = {Andreas Follesdal},

editor = {Folke Tersman},

year  = {2005},

date = {2005-01-01},

booktitle = {Democracy beyond borders?},

pages = {44-59},

publisher = {Thales},

address = {Stockholm},

keywords = {publication},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inbook}

}

@inbook{RN26500,

title = {Legitymizacja regulacyjnej komitologii (The Legitimacy of Regulatory Comitology - Reflections on the promises and pitfalls of strategies of legitimation)},

author = {Andreas Follesdal},

editor = {Maria Karasinska-Fendler},

url = {http://follesdal.net/ms/Follesdal-2005-legit-comit.doc},

year  = {2005},

date = {2005-01-01},

booktitle = {Komitety i komitologia},

pages = {197-239},

publisher = {Foundation for European Studies - European Institute},

address = {Lodz},

abstract = {The question with what right Europeans can expect compliance of one another emerges with full strength as the European Union unmistakably takes on more and more characteristics of a new legal order with binding public practices - indeed, claiming overriding authority over a well-neigh unconstrained domain of issues through the doctrines of Direct Effect, Supremacy and Implied Powers. The challenge is particularly striking with regards to comitology, one of most perplexing and by some lights most worrisome elements of the European institutions. Dehousse notes the links between compliance and legitimacy when remarking that "Comitology's legitimacy is not merely a normative issue: it is likely to become a political problem." 

The present essay explores some problems involved in the first of these two challenges, by presenting and critically assessing two recent attempts at justifying comitology, those of Majone - Regulatory State and deliberative democratic- Deliberative Supranationalism.},

keywords = {publication},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inbook}

}

@inbook{RN40730,

title = {Human Rights and Relativism},

author = {Andreas Follesdal},

editor = {Andreas Follesdal and Thomas Pogge},

url = {/http://follesdal.net/ms/Follesdal-2005-hr-relativism.rtf},

year  = {2005},

date = {2005-01-01},

booktitle = {Real World Justice: Grounds, Principles, Human Rights Standards and Institutions},

pages = {265-283},

publisher = {Springer},

address = {Berlin},

abstract = {The article addresses the issue of whether human rights are 

“Western” in ways that undermine their use as standards for global and 

domestic justice. In what has come to be known as the “Asian Values” 

debate, the article identifies several objections of this sort in the Bangkok 

Declaration. Drawing on Confucian, Hindu, and Islamic sources, it argues 

that very many theories of human rights and moral traditions condemn the 

behavior which human rights serve to protect against. Most of the objections 

fail to hold against a wide range of human rights theories spelling out their 

basis and content. The remaining objections do not repudiate human rights 

norms — at most they support some accounts and specifications of rights 

over others. Human rights can hardly be dismissed as an objectionable 

exercise in Western ideological imperialism.},

keywords = {Human Rights, publication},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inbook}

}

@inbook{RN38130,

title = {Introduction: The Market as a Site of Politics},

author = {Michele Micheletti and Andreas Follesdal and Dietlind Stolle},

editor = {Michele Micheletti and Andreas Follesdal and Dietlind Stolle},

year  = {2004},

date = {2004-01-01},

booktitle = {Politics, products and markets: Exploring political consumerism past and present},

pages = {ix-xxvi},

publisher = {Transaction Press},

address = {New Brunswick, N.J.},

abstract = {.This volume examines closely the roots and contemporary forms of the phenomenon of political consumerism. The United Nations, Amnesty International, and other international governmental and nongovernmental organizations claim openly that they must rely on market actors to accomplish their goals. ... In recent decades, consumers’ product choice has been increasingly influenced by a growing concern for transnational and global issues of justice, care for the dnvironment, and human rights. Global movements and networks help mobilize consumers to make political and ethical purchases. 

... Part I, entitled “Making Money Morally,” concerns why it may appear controversial to call upon market actors to act in a morally responsible way. ...political consumerism challenges the traditional division of private interest pursued by private actors in the market, and public interests pursued through political means. It crosses over this division in its attempts to compensate for ethical unfairness in a variety of ways. Yet the practices of political consumption also create new dilemmas often ignored by consumers. 

Andreas Føllesdal explores philosophically why we need to concern ourselves with the moral responsibility of the market in the world today....Among his concerns is the development of normative criteria for assessing the legitimacy of political consumer action in the global marketplace that aims at supplementing governmental regulation. He wonders how these citizen watchdogs can develop and maintain their credibility and integrity in the absence of global, institutionalized checks and balances. 

Paul Kennedy’s chapter focuses on the impact of political consumers on business. He asks what happens to business as a market actor once it adapts itself to more ethical and political concerns. .. 

Part II, entitled “Consumer Choices and Setting the Agenda of 

Politics,” focuses on three basic questions ...: what is new about using the market as a site for politics, how effective is it, and does it always promote good causes? ...Monroe Friedman discusses in his chapter three important criteria for evaluating consumer boycotts: their successfulness, effectiveness, and ethical quality.... 

Cheryl Greenberg’s chapter draws on American history .. . there is nothing inherent in political consumerism that guarantees the moral respectability of its pursued goals, and that good motives do not replace the need for strategic planning.... 

David Vogel’s chapter also draws on the United States. to show how outraged Americans have expressed their concern over political injustices in the marketplace. ...citizens with clear political preferences can use their economic power to pressure corporations 

to consider ethical issues as part of their policy agenda. 

Part II moves from historical cases ..W. Lance Bennett’s and Jonah Peretti’s chapters make clear how the media play an important role in mobilizing support for large campaigns that criticize existing corporate practices. 

Bennett focuses on campaigns directed at large, globalized corporate enterprises. ... 

Jonah Peretti’s chapter, together with Michele Micheletti, describes Peretti’s request to order a pair of customized Nike shoes with the name ”sweatshop” on them, turned him into a global celebrity... 

“Building Responsible Institutions in Multi-Risk Society” is the 

title of Part III, with the establishment of new political consumerist institutions as the central theme.... Franck Cochoy’s chapter shows how the old and established institution of standardization, .. has revamped itself into an institution for product certification that reflects consumers’ concerns.... 

The chapter co-authored by Andrew Jordan, Rüdiger Wurzel, Anthony R. Zito, and Lars Brückner offers a comparative assessment of the important national eco-labeling schemes now in operation in Europe. .Two important ingredients of success are consumer support and market competition. ...Benjamin Cashore, Graeme Auld, and Deanna Newson discuss a labeling scheme of increasing importance: forest certification schemes.... 

Part IV, “Politicizing Consumers and Change in Politics,”... political participation has involved the relationship between citizens and their government, which in turn regulates the market. ... Jørgen Goul Andersen and Mette Tobiasen present findings from the most comprehensive survey investigation of political consumers to date. 

Bente Halkier’s chapter uses focus group interviews of green consumers to assess the extent to which political consumerism involves important dimensions of political participation.... Michele Micheletti’s study ... shows that women were and still are more present as political consumers.... Dietlind Stolle and Marc Hooghe’s chapter focuses more directly on the controversial issue of whether political consumerism can be seen as a successful additional tool in political life that might substitute for the lack of traditional political involvements. ...},

keywords = {Human Rights, publication},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inbook}

}

@inbook{RN41070,

title = {Internasjonale forpliktelser og demokrati},

author = {Andreas Føllesdal},

editor = {Knut Midgaard and Bjørn Erik Rasch},

url = {http://follesdal.net/ms/Follesdal-2004-intl-forpliktelser-demokrati.doc},

year  = {2004},

date = {2004-01-01},

booktitle = {Demokrati - vilkår og virkninger (revidert utgave)},

pages = {349-374},

publisher = {Fagbokforlaget},

address = {Bergen},

abstract = {Demokrati-teorier må utvides ved landegrensene, både med en teori om internasjonalt demokrati og med en teori om internasjonal fordelingsrettferdighet. Artikkelen bidrar til dette, med utgangspunkt i begrunnelsene for demokratiske ordninger innenfor den liberale kontraktetiske tradisjon fra Kant, Locke og Rawls. Artikkelen avslutter med å drøfte noen konflikter som oppstår mellom kravene om lik politisk kontroll og likeverdige levekår innenfor EU, der nasjonalt selvstyre og internasjonal likhet kommer i konflikt.},

keywords = {publication},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inbook}

}

@inbook{RN38140,

title = {Political Consumerism, Lessons and Potential: Conclusions},

author = {Andreas Follesdal and Michele Micheletti and Dietlind Stolle},

editor = {Andreas Follesdal and Michele Micheletti and Dietlind Stolle},

year  = {2004},

date = {2004-01-01},

booktitle = {Politics, products and markets: Exploring political consumerism past and present},

pages = {289-300},

publisher = {Transaction Press},

address = {New Brunswick, N.J.},

abstract = {Consumers have used, and use, their consumer choice to vent their political frustrations and exhibit their political values. In so doing, political consumerism sets and shapes the agenda of politics. ... 

The study of political consumerism, as well as its interpretation as a political phenomenon, both challenge and question how we conventionally conceive of political participation in three important ways. 

First, political consumers focus on new targets of their political actions; 

second, mobilization for political consumerism blurs the public and private divide, and finally, a related consequence is that political consumerism constitutes a truly individualized form of participation. 

We discuss each of these challenges in turn. .... 

We draw three conclusions here. 

First, political consumerism shows how market-based, new regulatory forms (i.e., soft law) can be a constructive force in our ever more risky world, but its impact is yet to be determined. 

Second, political consumerism is developing into an international regime in its own right. 

Third, given the growing significance of political consumerism globally, and particularly the growth of its institutions, it is becoming increasingly more urgent for scholars to evaluate its legitimacy, democratic and otherwise.},

keywords = {publication},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inbook}

}

@inbook{RN41960,

title = {Conclusion},

author = {Andreas Follesdal and Lynn Dobson},

editor = {Lynn Dobson and Andreas Follesdal},

url = {https://ecommerce.tandf.co.uk/catalogue/DetailedDisplay.asp?ISBN=0415340675&ResourceCentre=SEARCH&RedirectPage=PerformSearch.asp&curpage=1},

year  = {2004},

date = {2004-01-01},

booktitle = {Political Theory and the European Constitution},

pages = {175-184},

publisher = {Routledge},

address = {London},

keywords = {publication},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inbook}

}

@inbook{RN30000,

title = {The Special Claims of Indigenous Minorities to Corrective Justice},

author = {Andreas Follesdal},

editor = {Lukas Meyer},

url = {http://follesdal.net/ms/Follesdal-2004-indigenous-special-claims.rtf},

year  = {2004},

date = {2004-01-01},

booktitle = {Justice in Time. Responding to Historical Injustice},

pages = {339-353},

publisher = {Nomos},

address = {Baden},

series = {Interdisziplinaere Studien zu Recht und Staat},

abstract = {Some hold that the indigenous are normatively justified in requesting both legal claims on material resources, and to political autonomy aimed at maintaining their own ways of life. The indigenous have more extensive claims in these regards than citizens generally, and than do other identifiable groups who have long historic ties with the territory, and a distinctive culture compared to other citizens – often called ‘national minorities’ . The paper defends these claims, based on the indigenous ancestors’ historic control over territories later forcefully incorporated into a state, combined with the impact of their ancestors’ culture on present practices and expectations. Past injustice affects the claims of present members to arrangement of political decision-making over the territory and to substantive benefits. History matters, then, for whether the normative claims hold.},

keywords = {publication},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inbook}

}

@inbook{RN35230,

title = {Political consumerism as chance and challenge},

author = {Andreas Follesdal},

editor = {Michele Micheletti and Andreas Follesdal and Dietlind Stolle},

url = {http://follesdal.net/ms/Follesdal-2004-pol-consumerism-chance-challenge.pdf},

year  = {2004},

date = {2004-01-01},

booktitle = {Politics, products and markets: Exploring political consumerism past and present},

pages = {3-20},

publisher = {Transaction Press},

address = {New Brunswick, N.J.},

abstract = {Political consumerism, the deliberate use of purchasing power to change business practices, takes on particular normative importance under conditions of economic globalisation. Globalisation shifts the capabilities of business, governments and civil society, forcing us to reconsider the traditional distribution of responsibilities. Several issues are raised when discussing the legitimate modes of governance exercised by consumers in the global marketplace in the form of consumer action aimed at supplementing governmental regulations. Important challenges include the need to bolster credibility and integrity of the watchdogs in the absence of institutionalised checks and balances. "Who guards the guardians?" remains a central concern.},

keywords = {publication},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inbook}

}

@inbook{RN24020,

title = {The philosopher as coach: Expertise and expectations of ethics consultants},

author = {Andreas Follesdal},

editor = {Elke Kurz-Milcke and Gigerenzer Gerd},

url = {http://follesdal.net/ms/Follesdal-2004-coach.pdf},

year  = {2004},

date = {2004-01-01},

booktitle = {Experts in science and society},

pages = {181-200},

publisher = {Kluwer},

address = {New York},

keywords = {publication},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inbook}

}

@inbook{RN26140,

title = {Liberal Contractualism - Partial and Particularist, Impartial and Cosmopolitan},

author = {Andreas Follesdal},

editor = {Simon Caney and Percy Lehning},

url = {http://follesdal.net/ms/Follesdal-2010-contractualism-partiality.rtf},

isbn = {978-0-415-23441-2},

year  = {2004},

date = {2004-01-01},

booktitle = {International Distributive Justice: Cosmopolitanism and its Critics},

publisher = {Routledge},

address = {London},

abstract = {Several authors have explored or defended moderate nationalism, characterised by limited partiality for fellow nationals or fellow citizens, and loyalty to the laws and institutions of one's own society. Critics have argued that such loyalties are incompatible with 'cosmopolitan' universalist liberalism, on at least two grounds. The article seeks to rebut these objections from a liberal contractualist position similar to that of Rawls, Dworkin and Scanlon. Liberal theories are thought to disallow deviations from impartial treatment and therefore rule out substantive special claims among compatriots. The scope for contractualist partiality is the subject of section 2. Liberal theories are also considered unable to account for political duties -- the duty to comply with the just laws and institutions of one's own state. The contractualist grounds for political allegiance are addressed in section 3. This is not to say that liberal contractualism endorses nationalism understood as a principle of political order, that political and cultural/ethnic boundaries should coincide. A brief sketch of some elements of Liberal Contractualism is presented in section 1.},

keywords = {John Rawls, publication},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inbook}

}

@inbook{RN40440,

title = {Do multicultural policies erode trust in redistributive programs? Questions for Miller and Soroka, Johnston & Banting},

author = {Andreas Follesdal},

editor = {Philippe Van Parijs},

url = {http://www.etes.ucl.ac.be/Francqui/Livre/4.Follesdal.pdf 

http://follesdal.net/ms/Follesdal-2004-Francquiprize.rtf},

year  = {2004},

date = {2004-01-01},

booktitle = {Cultural diversity versus economic solidarity},

volume = {Francqui Scientific Library},

publisher = {Debouck Universite},

address = {Brussels},

keywords = {publication},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inbook}

}

@inbook{RN40400,

title = {Introduction},

author = {Lynn Dobson and Andreas Follesdal},

editor = {Lynn Dobson and Andreas Follesdal},

url = {https://ecommerce.tandf.co.uk/catalogue/DetailedDisplay.asp?ISBN=0415340675&ResourceCentre=SEARCH&RedirectPage=PerformSearch.asp&curpage=1},

year  = {2004},

date = {2004-01-01},

booktitle = {Political Theory and the European Constitution},

publisher = {Routledge},

address = {London},

abstract = {The EU poses at least two challenges to a traditional conception of sovereignty .... First, the EU involves multiple territorial levels of decision-making, reminiscent and perhaps prescient - of federal political orders of a kind known as ‘coming together federations’ ... Secondly, EU institutions often include private actors in public decision-making in order to increase responsiveness and proximity to affected parties. ... we grapple with the major philosophical questions: what kind of polity? And with what moral right, if any, do European politicians now rule, and claim citizens’ compliance? .. 

We explore topics already well established in the EU literature: subsidiarity, diversity, democratic and legitimacy deficits, and institutional balances of power. 

·	Constitutionalism: should the Union have a Constitution? If so what should it contain? How was the draft text arrived at and what does that process tell us? 

·	European values: are there any common values, and, if so, what are they? How might they co-exist with particular (e.g. national) values? In particular, should religious heritage(s) be mentioned in the Constitution? 

·	Liberty and power(s): different actors, ideologies, and states pursue different forms of liberty, with resulting theoretical and political tensions - between sovereignty as freedom to act, and immunity understood as non-domination; and differing imperatives for centre, large states, and small states; for majorities and minorities. 

·	Common or European interest: lofty sentiments regarding common European objectives are often muddled or conflated, different actors intending quite different things. What clarifications of the different senses of these terms can we offer? 

 These essays contribute towards a systematic understanding of the sometimes profound differences in conceptions of what legitimacy requires, and what political power is for, in the European Union.},

keywords = {federalism, publication},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inbook}

}

@inbook{RN38150,

title = {Informal Governance in the European Union: An Introduction},

author = {Thomas Christiansen and Andreas Follesdal and Simona Piattoni},

editor = {Thomas Christiansen and Simona Piattoni},

url = {Christiansen-Follesdal-Piattoni-2004-intro-informalgov.rtf},

year  = {2004},

date = {2004-01-01},

booktitle = {Informal governance in the European Union},

pages = {1-21},

publisher = {Edward Elgar},

address = {Cheltenham, UK},

abstract = {..an important undercurrent to the formal integration process. This concerns the operation of informal networks which link policy-makers to client groups as well as actors across EU, national and sub-national institutions, and influence (or at least seek to influence) decision-making in the EU. ... 

Observers have pointed to the potentially self-defeating competition between rival interest groups to gain access to, and be heard by, the Commission official(s) in charge of their ‘dossier’ ... one may criticise the very closeness (or cosiness?) of the relationship between policy-makers and interest groups as a violation of the principles of representative democracy, such as one-person-one-vote and political equality. In terms of this critique, the precise nature of the relationship between Commission officials and interest groups then takes centre stage.... 

This volume provides a systematic examination of the informal aspects of EU governance which are either in the margins of traditional analyses or ignored altogether. Building on the insights developed above, we consider informal governance as the operation of networks of individual and collective, public and private actors pursuing common goals which lead to cooperation, patterned relations and public decisions - through regular though non-codified and not publicly sanctioned exchanges in the institutional context of the European Union. ... 

In sum, informal governance must strike a balance between transparency and opaqueness, democracy and aristocracy, inclusiveness and selectiveness. Governance fails to spell out how a balance is drawn, how it is reached, and why it should be respected by citizens as legitimate and authoritative. Because of its practically expeditious, yet normatively dubious, nature, governance has more than family resemblance with several political phenomena of long standing in Europe: pluralism and neo-corporatism as mentioned above, and clientelism addressed below 

Drawing in part on normative analysis of pluralism, neo-corporatism and clientelism, we can identify several issues that are problematic with regards to the legitimacy of informal governance:...Authority.... Participation ...Assurance ... 

... a system relying as heavily on informal governance as does the European Union will not only find it difficult to gain the legitimacy of a wider public expecting democratic accountability from formal institutions. ...},

keywords = {publication},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inbook}

}

@inbook{RN31010,

title = {Om John Rawls' teori om rettferdighet som rimelighet},

author = {Andreas Føllesdal},

editor = {Kelly},

year  = {2003},

date = {2003-01-01},

booktitle = {John Rawls: Rettferdighet som rimelighet},

pages = {11-36},

publisher = {Pax},

address = {Oslo},

note = {Author, Subsidiary: Kelly (ed.) Erin; Swensen (transl.) Kai},

keywords = {John Rawls, publication},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inbook}

}

@inbook{RN34300,

title = {Innledning},

author = {Andreas Føllesdal},

editor = {Kai transl Swensen},

year  = {2003},

date = {2003-01-01},

booktitle = {John Rawls: Rettferdighet som rimelighet (Justice as Fairness)},

publisher = {Pax},

address = {Oslo},

abstract = {Når har innbyggere moralsk plikt til å adlyde myndighetene og slutte opp om samfunnsinstitusjonene? Dette spørsmålet står sentralt i politisk filosofi. Et av det 20. århundrets viktigste svar var John Rawls' teori om rettferdighet, "Rettferdighet som rimelighet", i boken A Theory of Justice som kom i 1971. I 2001 kom en forbedret og kortere fremstilling av Rawls’ teori, i boken Justice as Fairness som Rawls skrev med redaksjonell støtte fra Erin Kelly, en av hans tidligere studenter. Det er denne oppdaterte presentasjonen som nå foreligger på norsk, svært dyktig oversatt av Kai Swensen, og med støtte fra Norges forskningsråds Verdinett.},

keywords = {John Rawls, publication},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inbook}

}

@inbook{RN32620,

title = {John Rawls},

author = {Andreas Føllesdal},

editor = {Eriksen Trond Berg},

year  = {2002},

date = {2002-01-01},

booktitle = {Vestens store tenkere: fra Platon til våre dager},

pages = {505-514 (414-422 i Aschehougs utgivelse)},

publisher = {Aschehoug},

address = {Oslo},

abstract = {oppdatert fra 1993-versjonen},

keywords = {John Rawls, publication},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inbook}

}

@inbook{RN29080,

title = {Citizenship: European and Global},

author = {Andreas Follesdal},

editor = {Nigel Dower and John Williams},

url = {http://follesdal.net/ms/Follesdal-2002-citizenship-global.rtf},

year  = {2002},

date = {2002-01-01},

booktitle = {Global Citizenship},

pages = {71-83},

publisher = {Edinburgh University Press},

address = {Edinburgh},

abstract = {Union citizenship carries clear legal implications fostering freedom of movement and trade, and is intended to supplement, rather than to replace, national citizenship. Dual citizenship also means that the European Union must come to grips with challenges of institutionalisation and multiple loyalties. Reflection on the roles and challenges of Union citizenship may teach lessons for global citizenship. Both forms of citizenship create aspirations to a democratic political order with a scope beyond existing states, and face challenges regarding institutions and political culture aspiring to treat all affected individuals as equals. Section A provides a brief overview of the content of Union Citizenship. Section B discusses the need for trust among individuals creating and sharing European-level institutions. Section C explores how trust can be secured by Union citizenship based on shared commitments rather than on common history and broader culture. Section D draws lessons for the roles and preconditions of global citizenship.},

keywords = {publication},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inbook}

}

@inbook{RN32680,

title = {Federal Inequality among Equals: A Contractualist defense},

author = {Andreas Follesdal},

editor = {Thomas Pogge},

url = {http://follesdal.net/ms/Follesdal-2001-fed-inequality.rtf},

year  = {2001},

date = {2001-01-01},

booktitle = {Global Justice},

pages = {242-261},

publisher = {Blackwell},

address = {Oxford},

abstract = {Federal political orders often exhibit a conflict between the ideals of equality and political autonomy, since individuals in different sub-units often enjoy systematically different standards of living conditions. While federal arrangements may be theoretically attractive to avoid despotism, such federal inequality would appear to conflict with the principles of egalitarian cosmopolitans. The paper argues that individuals' interest in equal shares of income and wealth may be legitimately weighed against their interest in political control enjoyed by their sub-unit, as long as the inequalities do not engender misery, domination or unfair procedures. The reasons for sub-unit autonomy include reducing the risk of domination, increasing the responsiveness to local preferences, and reducing the burdens of decision-making. These arguments also suggest that states may not always be the appropriate sub-units in legitimate federal orders.},

keywords = {federalism, gender, publication},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inbook}

}

@inbook{RN24100,

title = {Menneskerettigheter og ulike verdisyn: Vestlige mot asiatiske verdier? Gunnerusforelesningen 1999},

author = {Andreas Føllesdal},

year  = {2000},

date = {2000-01-01},

booktitle = {Det Kongelige Norske Videnskabers Selskab Forhandlinger},

pages = {105-121},

address = {Trondheim},

abstract = {Få stater vedstår seg at de systematisk og bevisst setter menneskerettighetene til side. Bangkokerklæringen av 1993 brøt med denne offisielle linjen. I denne erklæringen avviste flere land de sivile og politiske menneskerettigheter, som uforenelige med "asiatiske verdier". Utenlandske protester ble også avvist som brudd på staters rett til selvstyre. 

Foredraget drøfter og imøtegår Bangkokerklæringens kritikk. Flere tolkninger av innvendingene mot de internasjonale menneskerettighetene blir identifisert. Disse anklagene blir så vurdert med utgangspunkt i teorier om menneskerettighetenes begrunnelse og innhold. 

Det påståtte skillet mellom asiatiske og vestlige kulturer må avvises, og få innvendinger mot menneskerettighetene kan opprettholdes. De innvendingene som gjenstår forkaster ikke menneskerettighetene, men støtter kanskje noen menneskerettighetsteorier fremfor andre. 

Menneskerettighetene kan derfor ikke avvises som uforsvarlig vestlig ideologisk imperialisme. 

Few states admit that they systematically and deliberately violate international human rights. The Bangkok Declaration of 1993 ended this public consensus. In this declaration several Asian states argued that civil and political human rights must be set aside insofar as they are incompatible with "Asian values". Foreign protests against human rights were also dismissed as violating states' sovereignty. 

The lecture discusses and rebuts the criticism raised in the Bangkok Declaration. Several objections against international human rights are identified and assessed on the basis of theories of human rights. 

Claims to thorough-going differences between Asian and Western cultures do not stand against criticisms, and few objections against human rights can be maintained. The remaining objections do not invalidate human rights, but support some justifications for human rights rather than others. 

Thus human rights cannot be dismissed as objectionable exercises of Western ideological imperialism.},

keywords = {Human Rights, publication},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inbook}

}

@inbook{RN29050,

title = {Meninger med målløst liv: Noen hovedretninger innen dyreetikk},

author = {Andreas Føllesdal},

editor = {Andreas Føllesdal},

year  = {2000},

date = {2000-01-01},

booktitle = {Dyreetikk},

pages = {65-89},

publisher = {Fagbokforlaget},

address = {Oslo},

keywords = {publication},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {inbook}

}